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...A levodopa challenge is a trial of the medication levodopa, given to patients if a confirmation of a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is needed. Levodopa is used in the...

...Imaging tests use medical equipment to takes pictures of the body, showing what is occurring on the inside. There are several different imaging tests that may be used to assist...

...There are several different rating scales that may be used to assess the stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in an individual. The two most commonly used are the Hoehn and...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be challenging to diagnose, especially in the early stages of the disease. People who are suspected to have PD should be seen by a neurologist who...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is most known for the primary motor symptoms: tremor, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, and balancing issues (postural instability). PD can also cause non-motor symptoms, those that are...

...The ability to think or mentally process is known as cognition. Problems or changes in cognition are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). These changes vary in severity from person to...

...The process of getting a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) usually begins with a medical history and physical exam. A medical history generally consists of written and verbal questions to...

...Parkinson's disease (PD) can greatly impact a person's mood. At least half of people with PD experience depression. And up to 4 in 10 people with PD have an anxiety...

...One of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of sense of smell (hyposmia). Most people with PD experience a reduced sense of smell at some point...

...Pain is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). About 9 out of 10 people with PD have some type of pain impacting their quality of life. Pain varies...

...Orthostatic hypotension is a condition where the blood pressure drops when you stand or sometimes even sit up. This can cause dizziness, light-headedness, and fainting. It is usually harmless, but...

...Parkinson's disease (PD) and sleep issues are often related. Most people with PD have sleep problems at some point. PD itself may cause problems, or you may also feel tired...

...While Parkinson's disease is known for causing motor symptoms of the limbs, it may also cause problems with the nerves that help control the gut and bladder. The gastrointestinal tract...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the primary motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, postural instability (impaired balance), and bradykinesia (slowing down and loss of spontaneous movement). Not everyone with PD...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) can make daily living challenging. As the disease progresses, the motor symptoms such as tremor or shaking, stiffness, slow movements, and unsteady balance can make it difficult...

...The combination of levodopa and carbidopa is a treatment used for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Levodopa/carbidopa is the most effective treatment available for the motor symptoms of PD. Levodopa was first...

...There are several drugs used to help manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). While there is no known cure for PD or any known treatments that can slow the...

...Do you or someone close to you with Parkinson's disease (PD) have trouble getting through the day without feeling physically or mentally drained? You are not alone. Fatigue is a...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is typically characterized by motor (movement) symptoms. These symptoms include: However, there are other symptoms of PD that are not directly related to movement dysfunction. These symptoms...

...Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term, progressive disease that affects the nervous system. Some of the most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease include: However, PD can also cause many speech...