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...As research continues to search for the cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the areas of study is genetics. All cells have coded instructions in their genes. Genes are...

...A person with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may have several doctors and other professionals on their healthcare team to help them manage their disease as well as its effects on quality...

...Unfortunately, there is no single test that can diagnose Parkinson’s disease (PD). If PD is suspected, the person should be referred to a neurologist specially trained in movement disorders who...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common degenerative neurological disease, with Alzheimer’s disease being the first. PD affects approximately one million people in the United States. While the exact...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is difficult to diagnosis, particularly in its early stages because the symptoms of other neurologic disorders can be similar to those found in PD. Current diagnosis is...

...A levodopa challenge is a trial of the medication levodopa, given to patients if a confirmation of a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is needed. Levodopa is used in the...

...Imaging tests use medical equipment to takes pictures of the body, showing what is occurring on the inside. There are several different imaging tests that may be used to assist...

...There are several different rating scales that may be used to assess the stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in an individual. The two most commonly used are the Hoehn and...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive disease that affects the brain and the body. There is no known cure for PD. There are also no treatments that can slow...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is most known for the primary motor symptoms: tremor, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, and balancing issues (postural instability). PD can also cause non-motor symptoms, those that are...

...The ability to think or mentally process is known as cognition. Problems or changes in cognition are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). These changes vary in severity from person to...

...The process of getting a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) usually begins with a medical history and physical exam. A medical history generally consists of written and verbal questions to...

...Parkinson's disease (PD) can greatly impact a person's mood. At least half of people with PD experience depression. And up to 4 in 10 people with PD have an anxiety...

...One of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of sense of smell (hyposmia). Most people with PD experience a reduced sense of smell at some point...

...Pain is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). About 9 out of 10 people with PD have some type of pain impacting their quality of life. Pain varies...

...Orthostatic hypotension is a condition where the blood pressure drops when you stand or sometimes even sit up. This can cause dizziness, light-headedness, and fainting. It is usually harmless, but...

...Parkinson's disease (PD) and sleep issues are often related. Most people with PD have sleep problems at some point. PD itself may cause problems, or you may also feel tired...

...While Parkinson's disease is known for causing motor symptoms of the limbs, it may also cause problems with the nerves that help control the gut and bladder. The gastrointestinal tract...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the primary motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, postural instability (impaired balance), and bradykinesia (slowing down and loss of spontaneous movement). Not everyone with PD...

...Parkinson’s disease (PD) can make daily living challenging. As the disease progresses, the motor symptoms such as tremor or shaking, stiffness, slow movements, and unsteady balance can make it difficult...